Anahtar Kelimeler
nörogörüntüleme
MRI
Öz
İleri nörogörüntüleme yöntemleri, beyin yapısı, işlevi ve bağlantısallığının ayrıntılı değerlendirilmesini sağlayarak psikiyatrik bozukluklar hakkındaki anlayışımızı büyük ölçüde genişletmiştir. Bu derleme, şizofreni, majör depresif bozukluk, bipolar bozukluk, obsesif-kompulsif bozukluk (OKB), anksiyete bozuklukları, otizm spektrum bozukluğu ve dikkat eksikliği/hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB) gibi başlıca psikiyatrik durumlara ilişkin bulguları sentezlemektedir. Bozukluklar genelinde, yapısal manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRI) sürekli olarak kortikal ve subkortikal anormallikler ortaya koyarken, difüzyon tensör görüntüleme yaygın beyaz madde bağlantı bozukluklarını vurgular. Fonksiyonel MRI çalışmaları, özellikle prefrontal, limbik ve varsayılan mod sistemlerini içeren ağ aktivitelerinde bozukluğa özgü ancak örtüşen değişiklikler gösterir. Moleküler ve spektroskopik görüntüleme, nörotransmitter ve metabolik bozukluklar hakkında tamamlayıcı içgörüler sunar; bunlar arasında şizofrenide dopaminerjik işlev bozukluğu, duygu durum bozuklukları ve OKB'de glutamaterjik anormallikler, anksiyetede GABAerjik eksiklikler ve otizm ile DEHB'de uyarılma-inhibitör dengesizlik yer alır. Tek bir görüntüleme belirteci klinik tanı için yeterli özgüllüğe sahip olmasa da, nörogörüntüleme psikiyatrik hastalıkların mekanistik modellerini önemli ölçüde ilerletmiştir. Boylamsal ve çok modlu yaklaşımlar, gelişimsel yörüngeleri, hastalık ilerlemesini ve tedavi etkilerini ortaya koyar; örneğin, bipolar bozuklukta lityumla ilişkili nörotrofik değişiklikler veya OKB ve anksiyete bozukluklarında bilişsel davranışçı terapi (BDT) sonrası hiperaktif devrelerin normalleşmesi gibi. Nörogörüntüleme, psikiyatrik bozuklukların kavramsallaştırılmasını bölgeye özgü anormalliklerden daha geniş ağ ve moleküler işlev bozukluğuna dönüştürmüştür. Hâlen büyük ölçüde araştırmayla sınırlı olsa da, çok modlu entegrasyon, büyük ölçekli iş birlikleri ve hassas görüntüleme yaklaşımlarındaki devam eden ilerlemeler, daha erken teşhis, bireyselleştirilmiş müdahale ve hasta sonuçlarının iyileştirilmesi için umut vadetmektedir..
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